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Chaebols: South Korea’s corporate fiefdoms
Àç¹ú: Çѱ¹ÀÇ ºÀ°ÇÀû ±â¾÷
By Stephen EvansBBC News
15 October 2016
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¡ã CHUNG SUNG-JUN/GETTY IMAGES |
As Samsung burns through money faster than a flaming phone, the one person you won`t see fronting up before the cameras is the patriarch of the company.
»ï¼ºÀÌ È¿°¿¡ ½ÎÀÎ ÈÞ´ëÆùº¸´Ù ´õ ºü¸¥ ¼Óµµ·Î µ·À» Å¿ö ¾ø¾Ö´Â ¿ÍÁß¿¡, Ä«¸Þ¶ó ¾Õ¿¡ ¸ð½ÀÀ» Àý´ë·Î ³ªÅ¸³»Áö ¾ÊÀ» ÀÌ´Â ¹Ù·Î »ï¼ºÀÇ ¼öÀåÀÌ´Ù.
Lee Kun-hee, Samsung`s chairman, is a very sick man.
»ï¼ºÀÇ È¸Àå ÀÌ°ÇÈñ´Â ÁßȯÀÚÀÌ´Ù.
He had a heart attack two years ago and has not moved far from his hospital bed since then, if he`s left it at all.
±×´Â 2³â Àü ½ÉÀå ¸¶ºñ¸¦ ÀÏÀ¸Ä×°í ±×¶§ ÀÌÈÄ·Î º´¿ø ħ´ë¿¡¼ ¸Ö¸® ¹þ¾î³ ÀûÀÌ ¾ø´Ù. ¶°³ ÀûÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù¸é ¸»ÀÌ´Ù.
Samsung says little about his condition but nobody expects him to return to his office.
»ï¼ºÀº ±×ÀÇ °Ç° »óÅ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¾ð±ÞÀ» ¾Æ³¢Áö¸¸, ¾Æ¹«µµ ±×°¡ ´Ù½Ã ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ »ç¹«½Ç·Î µ¹¾Æ¿Ã °ÍÀ̶ó ±â´ëÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù.
Nor has his son, Jay Y Lee, said anything in public.
±×ÀÇ ¾Æµé ÀÌÀç¿ëµµ °ø½ÄÀûÀ¸·Î ¾Æ¹« ¸»µµ ÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù.
The diffident Mr Lee has inherited the family firm but is yet to indicate how he proposes to run it.
¼öÁÝÀº ¼º°ÝÀÇ ÀÌ ¾¾°¡ °¡Á· ȸ»ç¸¦ ¹°·Á¹Þ¾ÒÁö¸¸, ÀÌ È¸»ç¸¦ ¾î¶»°Ô ¿î¿µÇÒ °ÍÀÎÁö ¾ÆÁ÷ ¸»ÇÑ ÀûÀÌ ¾ø´Ù.
Contrast this with the hoopla of Apple.
ÀÌ°ÍÀ» ¾ÖÇÃÀÇ ¶°µé½âÇÑ ±¤°í¿Í ºñ±³Çغ¸ÀÚ.
Whereas the show-man and genius, Steve Jobs, became the face of the company, doing all the razzmatazz in the product launches, Samsung`s way is to let the product do the talking.
¼î¸Ç½ÊÀÌ ÀÖ°í õÀçÀÎ ½ºÆ¼ºê À⽺°¡ ȸ»çÀÇ ¾ó±¼ÀÌ µÇ¾î Á¦Ç° ¹ß¸Å °ü·Ã ¸ðµç ¿ä¶õ½º·± ¼±ÀüÀ» Çس´ø ¹Ý¸é »ï¼ºÀº Á¦Ç°À¸·Î ¸»ÇÏ´Â ¹æ½ÄÀ» ÅÃÇØ¿Ô´Ù.
Which is fine except when the product catches fire.
ÁÁÀº ¹æ½ÄÀÌ´Ù. Á¦Ç°¿¡ ºÒÀÌ ºÙ±â Àü±îÁö´Â ¸»ÀÌ´Ù.
The company is sometimes called the Republic of Samsung because this great, sprawling family firm has the economic clout of many countries.
»ï¼ºÀº ¶§·Î »ï¼º°øȱ¹À̶ó°í ºÒ¸®´Âµ¥, °Å´ëÇÏ°í ¸¶±¸ »¸¾î ³ª°¡´Â °¡Á·°æ¿µÃ¼°èÀÇ ÀÌ È¸»ç°¡ ¸¹Àº ³ª¶óµéÀÌ °¡Áø °Í°ú °°Àº °æÁ¦Àû ¿µÇâ·ÂÀ» °¡Áö°í Àֱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.
You can be born in a Samsung hospital and end your days in a Samsung funeral parlour.
´ç½ÅÀº »ï¼º º´¿ø¿¡¼ ž »ï¼º Àå·Ê½ÄÀå¿¡¼ »ýÀ» ¸¶Ä¥ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
In between, you might live in a Samsung flat, with everything insured through Samsung Fire and Marine Insurance.
±× »çÀÌ¿¡, ´ç½ÅÀº »ï¼º ¾ÆÆÄÆ®¿¡ »ì¸ç »ï¼ºÈÀçÇØ»óº¸ÇèÀ¸·Î ¸ðµç °ÍÀ» ¾ÈÀüÇÏ°Ô Áöų ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
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¡ã Samsung chairman Lee Kun-hee (r) had a heart attack two years ago.(CHUNG SUNG-JUN/GETTY IMAGES)»ï¼ºÀÇ È¸ÀåÀÎ ÀÌ°ÇÈñ´Â 2³â Àü ½ÉÀ帶ºñ¸¦ ÀÏÀ¸Ä×´Ù. |
You might go to Samsung’s amusement park, South Korea’s largest.
´ç½ÅÀº Çѱ¹¿¡¼ °¡Àå Å« »ï¼ºÀÇ ³îÀÌ°ø¿ø¿¡ °¡º¼ ¼öµµ ÀÖ´Ù.
This resort – Everland – is actually more significant than it seems.
ÀÌ °ø¿ø, ¿¡¹ö·£µå´Â »ç½Ç °ÑÀ¸·Î º¸±âº¸´Ù ÈξÀ Áß¿äÇÏ´Ù.
It’s very hard to get to the bottom of Samsung’s finances because the 70 or so subsidiaries are all so intertwined.
70°³ ÀÌ»óÀÇ °è¿»çµéÀÌ µÚ¾ôÇô Àֱ⠶§¹®¿¡ »ï¼º ÀÚ±ÝÀÇ ±Ù¿øÀ» ã´Â °ÍÀº ¸Å¿ì ¾î·Á¿î ÀÏÀÌ´Ù.
But Everland is key.
±×·¯³ª ¿¡¹ö·£µå°¡ ´Ü¼ÀÌ´Ù.
The ailing patriarch Mr Lee and his son and two daughters own a controlling stake in the resort – and the resort controls the rest of the company.
º´µç °¡ÀåÀÎ ÀÌ ¾¾¿Í ±×ÀÇ ¾Æµé, ±×¸®°í µÎ µþµéÀº ÀÌ ³îÀÌ°ø¿øÀÇ Áö¹èÀûÀÎ ÁöºÐÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ°í, ÀÌ °ø¿øÀÌ È¸»çÀÇ ³ª¸ÓÁö¸¦ Áö¹èÇÑ´Ù.
This lack of clarity is typical of chaebols. They sprawl.
ÀÌó·³ °æ°è°¡ ¸íÈ®ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀº °ÍÀº Àç¹ú°¡¿¡¼´Â ÀüÇüÀûÀÎ ÀÏÀÌ´Ù. ±×µéÀº ¸¶±¸ È®ÀåÇÑ´Ù.
Hyundai makes cars, for example, but also has department stores.
¿¹¸¦ µé¾î, Çö´ë´Â ÀÚµ¿Â÷¸¦ Á¦Á¶ÇÏÁö¸¸ ¶ÇÇÑ ¹éÈÁ¡µµ ¼ÒÀ¯ÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù.
Lotte runs department stores but also manufactures chemicals.
·Ôµ¥´Â ¹éÈÁ¡À» ¿î¿µÇÏ¸é¼ ÈÇÐÁ¦Á¶»çµµ ¿î¿µÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù.
The word chaebol is a combination of the Korean words for clan and wealth.
Àç¹úÀ̶õ ´Ü¾î´Â ¾¾Á·°ú Àç»êÀ» ÇÕÄ£ Çѱ¹¾î ´Ü¾îÀÌ´Ù.
Put the two together and it’s a recipe for dispute.
µÎ ´Ü¾î¸¦ ÇÕÄ¡¸é ±×°ÍÀº ºÐÀïÀÇ ¾¾¾ÑÀÌ µÈ´Ù.
Clans fall out and often when the patriarch dies the sons, and occasionally daughters, end up fighting in court over who gets what.
¾¾Á· °£¿¡ »çÀÌ°¡ Ʋ¾îÁö°í °¡ÀåÀÌ Á×À¸¸é, ¾Æµéµé°ú ¶§·Î´Â µþµé±îÁö ´©°¡ ¹«¾ùÀ» Â÷ÁöÇÏ´À³Ä¸¦ °¡Áö°í ¹ýÁ¤¿¡¼ ´ÙÅùÀ» ¹úÀÌ°ï ÇÑ´Ù.
Dirty washing gets aired.
±×¸®°í ÀÌ·± º¼½é»ç³ª¿î °¡Á·´ÙÅùÀÌ ´ëÁß¿¡°Ô ¾Ë·ÁÁö°Ô µÈ´Ù.
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¡ã Hanjin Shipping became insolvent in August.(GETTY IMAGES)ÇÑÁøÇØ¿îÀÌ Áö³ 8¿ù ÆÄ»êÇß´Ù. |
And it does so quite spectacularly when chaebol chiefs break the law.
±×¸®°í Àç¹úÀÇ ¼öÀåÀÌ ¹ýÀ» ¾î±æ ¶§ »ó´çÇÑ ÆÄÀåÀ» ºÒ·¯ÀÏÀ¸Å°´Â ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î ÇÏ°ï ÇÑ´Ù.
The 55-year-old chairman of Hanwha, for example, South Korea’s tenth-biggest company, once took it upon himself to get a bunch of heavies to kidnap and beat up youths he believed had set about his son in a bar.
¿¹¸¦ µé¾î, Çѱ¹¿¡¼ 10¹ø°·Î Å« ±â¾÷ÀÎ ÇÑÈÀÇ 55¼¼ µÈ ȸÀåÀº ¿©·¯ ¸íÀÇ °Ç´ÞÀ» º¸³», ¼úÁý¿¡¼ Àڱ⠾Ƶé°ú ´ÙÅùÀ» ¹úÀÎ ¾ÆÀ̵éÀ» ³³Ä¡ÇØ ±¸Å¸Çß´Ù.
Or think of Hanjin Shipping, currently trying to fend off bankruptcy.
¾Æ´Ï¸é Áö±Ý ÆÄ»êÀ» ¸éÇϱâ À§ÇØ ¾Ö¸¦ ¾²°í ÀÖ´Â ÇÑÁøÇØ¿îÀ» ¶°¿Ã·Á º¸¶ó.
In June, its former chairwoman was accused by prosecutors of selling shares in her own company the day before their price crashed when bad news was published.
6¿ù¿¡ ÀÌ È¸»çÀÇ ÀüÁ÷ ¿©È¸ÀåÀº ȸ»ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ³ª»Û ¼Ò½ÄÀÌ ¾Ë·ÁÁ® ÁÖ½ÄÀÌ Æø¶ôÇϱâ ÇÏ·ç Àü¿¡ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ÁöºÐÀ» ÆȾÆÄ¡¿î ÇøÀÇ·Î ±â¼ÒµÇ¾ú´Ù.
Hanjin owns Korean Air and you remember that the daughter of the chairman received a suspended sentence, after initially being jailed, for turning on cabin staff on one of daddy’s airplanes because they didn’t serve nuts to her satisfaction.
ÇÑÁøÀº ´ëÇÑÇ×°øÀ» ¼ÒÀ¯ÇÏ°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ¾Ë´Ù½ÃÇÇ ÀÌ È¸»ç ȸÀåÀÇ µþÀº ¾Æºü ¼ÒÀ¯ÀÇ ºñÇà±â¿¡¼ Àڽſ¡°Ô ¶¥ÄáÀ» Á¦´ë·Î ¼ºùÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù´Â ÀÌÀ¯·Î ½Â¹«¿øµéÀ» ÁúÃ¥ÇØ, óÀ½¿£ ¼ö°¨µÇ¾ú´Ù°¡ ÈÄ¿¡ ÁýÇàÀ¯¿¹¸¦ ¼±°í¹Þ¾Ò´Ù.
Samsung’s own brush with the law came in 2008 when the chairman – the ailing Mr Lee – was fined and given a suspended jail sentence because of a Samsung slush fund used to bribe politicians and prosecutors.
»ï¼ºÀÌ ¹ý·üÀ» ¾î±ä »ç·Ê·Î, 2008³â Áö±ÝÀº Åõº´ ÁßÀΠȸÀå ÀÌ ¾¾°¡, »ï¼ºÀÇ ºñÀÚ±ÝÀ» Á¤Ä¡Àεé°ú °Ë»çµé¿¡°Ô ¹ÙÄ¡´Â ³ú¹°·Î ½è´Ù´Â ÀÌÀ¯·Î ¹ú±ÝÇü°ú ÁýÇàÀ¯¿¹¸¦ ¼±°í¹ÞÀº ÀûÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù.
He was pardoned by the president a few months later.
¸î ´Þ ÈÄ ±×´Â ´ëÅë·É¿¡ ÀÇÇØ »ç¸éµÇ¾ú´Ù.
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¡ã Cho Hyun-Ah was involved in an air rage incident concerning macadamia nuts.(JUNG YEON-JE/AFP/GETTY IMAGES)Á¶Çö¾Æ´Â ¸¶Ä«´Ù¹Ì¾Æ ³ÓÀ¸·Î ÀÎÇÑ È¸Ç× »ç°Ç¿¡ ¿¬·çµÇ¾ú´Ù. |
Fifty years ago, the general air of corruption at the top of South Korea’s conglomerates prompted the country’s modernisation.
50³â Àü Çѱ¹ ÃÖ°í ´ë±â¾÷ÀÇ ÃÑüÀûÀÎ ºÎÆÐ ºÐÀ§±â´Â Çѱ¹ÀÇ ±Ù´ëȸ¦ ÃËÁø½ÃÄ×´Ù.
The country’s military strongman, Park Chung-hee, made a decision: the poor land he ruled with an iron fist would become modern.
±ººÎ µ¶ÀçÀÚ ¹ÚÁ¤Èñ´Â ö±ÇÀ¸·Î ÅëÄ¡ÇÑ °¡³ÇÑ ±¹Å並 ±Ù´ëȽÃÅ°±â·Î °áÁ¤Çß´Ù.
He told the chaebol leaders that they were corrupt, and he was going to put them in jail and take away their corrupt earnings.
¹ÚÁ¤Èñ´Â Àç¹ú ÁöµµÀڵ鿡°Ô ±×µéÀÌ ºÎÆÐÇß´Ù°í ¸»ÇÏ¸ç ±×µéÀ» °¨¿Á¿¡ ó³Ö°í ºÎÆзΠ¹ú¾îµéÀÎ µ·À» ¸ô¼öÇÏ°Ú´Ù°í ¸»Çß´Ù.
There was only one way they could escape that fate.
Àç¹ú ÁöµµÀÚµéÀÌ ±×·¯ÇÑ ¿î¸íÀ» ÇÇÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¹æ¹ýÀÌ µü ÇÑ °¡Áö ÀÖ¾ú´Ù.
They would have to create the industries of a modern economy: shipbuilding, automobiles, electronics, steel making.
±×µéÀº Á¶¼±, ÀÚµ¿Â÷, ÀüÀÚ, Á¦Ã¶°ú °°Àº ±Ù´ëÈ °æÁ¦ »ê¾÷À» âÃâÇØ¾ß ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù.
And so today’s modern, prosperous economy was born, virtually on command.
±×·¸°Ô Çؼ ¿À´Ã³¯ÀÇ Çö´ëÀûÀÌ°í ¹ø¿µÇÏ´Â °æÁ¦´Â »ç½Ç»ó ¸í·É¿¡ ÀÇÇØ Å¾´Ù.
Fifty years on, South Korea is still very hierarchical, though democratic.
Áö³ 50³â¿¡¼ ÇöÀç¿¡ À̸£±â±îÁö Çѱ¹Àº ¹ÎÁÖÁÖÀÇ ±¹°¡ÀÌÁö¸¸ ¿©ÀüÈ÷ ¸Å¿ì °è±ÞÀûÀÌ´Ù.
The corporate patriarchs rule their fiefdoms, perhaps even from the sick bed.
±â¾÷ ÃѼöµéÀº ½ÉÁö¾î º´»ó¿¡¼ ´©¿ö¼µµ ÀڽŵéÀÇ ±â¾÷À» ÅëÄ¡ÇÑ´Ù.
But can that authoritarian style still work when agility is the necessary quality, to adapt and create and innovate?
And to make phones that don’t catch fire?
±×·¯³ª ±×·¯ÇÑ ±ÇÀ§ÁÖÀÇÀûÀÎ ½ºÅ¸ÀÏÀÌ »õ·Î¿î °Í¿¡ ÀûÀÀÇÏ°í âÁ¶ÇÏ°í Çõ½ÅÇϱâ À§Çؼ ¹ÎøÇÔÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ ½ÃÁ¡¿¡µµ È¿°ú°¡ ÀÖÀ»±î? ±×¸®°í ºÒÀÌ ºÙÁö ¾Ê´Â Àüȱ⸦ ¸¸µå´Â µ¥´Â ¾î¶°ÇÑ°¡?
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