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A textbook war divides South Korea
±³°ú¼­ ³íÀïÀÌ Çѱ¹ »çȸ¸¦ À̺ÐÈ­ÇÏ´Ù

Donald Kirk
SEOUL — For years, the South Korean government and private Korean organizations have objected to Japanese textbooks that convey a rather sunny version of Japan’s imperial and colonial history. Now a textbook controversy is turning Koreans against Koreans, and exposing deep divisions in Korean life.
¼­¿ï – Áö³­ ¸î ³â µ¿¾È Çѱ¹ Á¤ºÎ¿Í ¹Î°£ ´ÜüµéÀº ÀϺ»ÀÇ Á¦±¹ÁÖÀÇ¿Í ÀÏÁ¦ Á¡·É½Ã´ëÀÇ ¿ª»ç¿¡ ´ëÇØ º¸´Ù ¹ÌÈ­µÈ ½Ã°¢À» ½Æ°í ÀÖ´Â ÀϺ» ±³°ú¼­¿¡ ¹Ý´ëÇØ¿Ô´Ù. ÀÌÁ¦ ±³°ú¼­ ³íÀïÀº Çѱ¹ÀÎµé »çÀÌ¿¡ ¼­·Î¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹Ý°¨À» ÀÏÀ¸Å°°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç Çѱ¹ÀεéÀÇ »î¿¡ ±íÀÌ ³»ÀçµÈ ºÐ¿­À» µå·¯³» º¸¿©ÁØ´Ù.

All sides acknowledge that young South Koreans need some understanding of what’s going on in North Korea, but how should high schools portray life on the other side of the border? Should they depict their neighbors as enemies or victims? Is objectivity even possible?
ÀþÀº Çѱ¹ÀεéÀÌ ºÏÇÑÀÇ »óȲÀ» ÀÌÇØÇÒ ÇÊ¿ä°¡ ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀº ¸ðµÎ°¡ ´Ù ÀÎÁ¤ÇÏ´Â ¹ÙÀÌÁö¸¸ °íµîÇб³´Â ±¹°æ ÀúÆíÀÇ »îÀ» ¾î¶² ¸ð½ÀÀ¸·Î º¸¿©ÁÖ¾î¾ß ÇÒ±î? ÀÌ¿ôÀ» ÀûÀ¸·Î ¹¦»çÇÒ±î, Èñ»ýÀÚ·Î ¹¦»çÇÒ±î? °´°ü¼ºÀ̶ó´Â °ÍÀÌ µµ´ëü °¡´ÉÇϱâ´Â ÇÑ °ÍÀϱî?

The government’s National Institute of Korean History, convinced it’s the arbiter, plans to replace existing textbooks with an authorized “correct history textbook” by March 2017, leading some to accuse the government of spreading propaganda while trampling on freedom of expression and discussion.
ºÐÀïÀÇ ÃÖ°í °áÁ¤±ÇÀÚ¶ó°í ÀÚóÇϸç, Á¤ºÎ ¼Ò¼Ó ±¹»çÆíÂùÀ§¿øȸ´Â 2017³â 3¿ù±îÁö Çö ±³°ú¼­¸¦ ÀÎÁõµÈ “¿Ã¹Ù¸¥ ¿ª»ç±³°ú¼­”·Î ´ëüÇÒ °èȹÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ°í, ÀÌ·Î ÀÎÇØ ÀϺο¡¼­´Â Á¤ºÎ°¡ Ç¥Çö°ú Åä·ÐÀÇ ÀÚÀ¯¸¦ Áþ¹âÀ¸¸ç °ú´ë ¼±ÀüÀ» ÆÛÆ®¸®°í ÀÖ´Ù´Â ºñ³­ÀÌ ÀÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù.

Conservatives say the liberal scholars who wrote the existing textbooks have tended to ignore the darker aspects of the North Korean dictatorship, while liberals accuse conservatives of wanting to “demonize” the North.
º¸¼ö ÃøÀº Çö ±³°ú¼­¸¦ ÁýÇÊÇÑ Áøº¸Àû ÇÐÀÚµéÀÌ ºÏÇÑ µ¶Àç Á¤±ÇÀÇ ¾îµÎ¿î ¸éÀ» ¹«½ÃÇÏ´Â °æÇâÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù°í ¸»Çϸç Áøº¸ Ãø¿¡¼­´Â º¸¼öÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀÌ ºÏÇÑÀ» “¾Ç¸¶·Î µÐ°©”½ÃÅ°·Á ÇÑ´Ù°í ¸»ÇÑ´Ù.

One particularly spirited argument revolves around what textbooks teach high school students about juche, or self-reliance, North Korea’s avowed national philosophy.
ƯÈ÷ ¿­¶í ³íÀï Áß Çϳª´Â ºÏÇÑÀÇ °ø¾ðµÈ ±¹°¡ öÇÐÀÎ ÁÖü»ç»ó¿¡ ´ëÇØ ±³°ú¼­µéÀÌ °íµîÇлýµé¿¡°Ô ¹«¾ùÀ» °¡¸£Ä¡´ÂÁö¸¦ µÑ·¯½Ñ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

Conservative critics say that almost all school texts present juche positively, in the language of North Korean propaganda. They worry that students might grow up admiring North Korea for a philosophy that’s observed mainly in the breach because North Korea relies on China for virtually all of its oil, half of its food and much else.
º¸¼öÁÖÀÇ ºñÆò°¡µéÀº °ÅÀÇ ¸ðµç Çб³ ±³°ú¼­µéÀÌ ºÏÇÑÀ» ¼±ÀüÇÏ´Â ¸»Åõ·Î ÁÖü»ç»óÀ» ±àÁ¤ÀûÀ¸·Î ±×¸®°í ÀÖ´Ù°í ¸»ÇÑ´Ù. ºÏÇÑÀÌ »ç½Ç»ó ±¹°¡ÀÇ Àüü ¼®À¯·®°ú ½Ä·® Àý¹Ý, ±×¸®°í ±× ¹ÛÀÇ ¸¹Àº °ÍÀ» Áß±¹¿¡ ÀÇÁ¸ÇÔÀ¸·Î½á »ç½Ç»ó ÁöÄÑÁöÁöµµ ¾Ê´Â ÁÖü»ç»óÀ» ÇлýµéÀÌ Âù¾çÇϸç ÀÚ¶ó³¯ °ÍÀ̶ó ºñÆò°¡µéÀº ¿ì·ÁÇÑ´Ù.

Conservatives are just as outraged by the way some textbooks explain the origins of the Korean War. They cite passages in which the authors hold both sides responsible for the North Korean invasion of South Korea in June 1950 that resulted four days later in the capture of Seoul.
º¸¼öÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀº ÀϺΠ±³°ú¼­°¡ Çѱ¹ÀüÀïÀÇ ¹ß¹ßÀ» ¼³¸íÇÏ´Â ¹æ½Ä¿¡ ´ëÇؼ­µµ ¿ª½Ã ºÐ³ëÇÑ´Ù. ±×µéÀº ÇÊÀÚµéÀÌ 1950³â 6¿ù ºÏÇÑÀÌ ³²ÇÑÀ» ħ·«ÇÏ¿© 4ÀÏ ÈÄ ¼­¿ïÀ» Á¡·ÉÇÑ °Í¿¡ ´ëÇØ ³²ºÏ ¾çÃø¿¡ Ã¥ÀÓÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù°í ¼­¼úÇÑ ºÎºÐÀ» ÀοëÇÑ´Ù.

Liberals, meanwhile, say conservatives want a sanitized version of history. If the government sticks with its plan, they believe that would set a terrible precedent and compromise independent scholarship.
ÇÑÆí, Áøº¸ÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀº º¸¼öÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀÌ Á¤È­µÈ ÇüÅÂÀÇ ¿ª»ç¸¦ ¿øÇÑ´Ù°í ¸»ÇÑ´Ù. ±×µéÀº Çѱ¹ Á¤ºÎ°¡ ±¹Á¤È­ °èȹÀ» °í¼öÇÑ´Ù¸é ÀÌ´Â ²ûÂïÇÑ ¼±·Ê°¡ µÉ °ÍÀ̸ç Çй®ÀÇ µ¶¸³¼ºÀ» ÈѼÕÇÒ °ÍÀ̶ó°í ÁÖÀåÇÑ´Ù.

The controversy harks back to the bad old days when dictatorial presidents with military backgrounds not only controlled what was taught in schools but also imposed censorship on newspapers and jailed outspoken foes of the regime. Park Chung-hee, who seized power in 1961 and ruled with increasing firmness until his assassination in 1979, was probably the toughest. He, of course, is the father of the current president, Park Geun-hye.
±³°ú¼­ ±¹Á¤È­ ºÐÀïÀº ±º Ãâ½ÅÀÇ µ¶ÀçÀûÀÎ ´ëÅë·ÉµéÀÌ Çб³ ±³À°À» ÅëÁ¦ÇßÀ» »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ½Å¹®¿¡ °Ë¿­À» °¡ÇÏ°í ¼Ò½ÅÀ» ±ÁÈ÷Áö ¾Ê´Â Á¤±ÇÀÇ Àû´ë¼¼·ÂµéÀ» Åõ¿Á½ÃÄ×´ø ¾Ç¸í ³ôÀº °ú°Å¸¦ »ó±â½ÃŲ´Ù. 1961³â Á¤±ÇÀ» Àå¾ÇÇÏ°í 1979³â ¾Ï»ìÀ» ´çÇÒ ¶§±îÁö Á¡Á¡ ´õ ¾ö°ÝÇÏ°Ô ³ª¶ó¸¦ ÅëÄ¡ÇÑ ¹ÚÁ¤Èñ°¡ ¾Æ¸¶ °¡Àå °­¾ÐÀûÀÎ ´ëÅë·ÉÀ̾úÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×´Â ¹°·Ð Çö ´ëÅë·É ¹Ú±ÙÇýÀÇ ¾Æ¹öÁöÀÌ´Ù.

Park is by no means as harsh as her father. She has not suggested amending the “democracy constitution,” promulgated seven years after Park’s successor, Chun Doo-hwan, suppressed the bloody Kwangju revolt in May 1980.
¹Ú±ÙÇý´Â ±×³à ¾Æ¹öÁö¸¸Å­ ¾Ç¶öÇÏÁö´Â ¾Ê´Ù. ±×³à´Â ¹ÚÁ¤Èñ ÈÄÀÓÀÚ ÀüµÎȯÀÌ 1980³â 5¿ù ÇÇÀÇ ±¤ÁÖ¹ÎÁÖÈ­¿îµ¿À» °­Á¦ Áø¾ÐÇÑ µÚ 7³âÀÌ Áö³ª °øÆ÷µÈ “¹ÎÁÖÁÖÀÇ Çå¹ý”À» °³Á¤ÇÏÀÚ°í Á¦¾ÈÇÏÁö´Â ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù.

Still, she is firmly identified with the conservative party that controls the National Assembly, and she personally ordered the drive to purify school textbooks. Her self-interest aligns with conservative objections to the way some textbooks describe the history of “dictatorship” in the South — a reference to her father’s 18 years and five months in power before his assassination — while playing down his contributions to the economy.
±×·¸Áö¸¸ ¹Ú±ÙÇý´Â ±¹È¸¸¦ Á¦¾îÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Â º¸¼ö´ç°ú ±ä¹ÐÇÑ À¯´ë °ü°è¿¡ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç Çб³ ±³°ú¼­¸¦ Á¤È­ÇÒ °ÍÀ» Á÷Á¢ Áö½ÃÇß´Ù. ±×³àÀÇ °³ÀÎÀû °ü½É»ç´Â, ¾Æ¹öÁö°¡ °æÁ¦¹ßÀü¿¡ ±â¿©ÇÑ ºÎºÐÀº °¡º±°Ô ´Ù·ç¸é¼­ »ìÇØ´çÇϱâ±îÁö 18³â 5°³¿ù ¾Æ¹öÁö°¡ ÅëÄ¡ÇÑ ½Ã±â¸¦ ³²ÇÑ “µ¶Àç”ÀÇ ¿ª»ç·Î ±â¼úÇÑ ÀϺΠ±³°ú¼­¿¡ ´ëÇÑ º¸¼ö ÃøÀÇ ¹Ý¹ß°ú °°Àº ¸Æ¶ô¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù.

For liberals, battling dictatorial rule after the Korean War, winning the right to elect representatives and resisting government meddling with textbooks is all part of a continuum, an unending struggle or protest against repression.
Áøº¸ÁÖÀÇÀڵ鿡 ÀÖ¾î Çѱ¹ÀüÀï ÀÌÈÄ µ¶Àç Á¤±Ç°ú ½Î¿ì°í, ±¹È¸ÀÇ¿øÀ» ¼±ÃâÇÒ ±Ç¸®¸¦ ¾ò¾î³»°í Á¤ºÎÀÇ ±³°ú¼­ °£¼·¿¡ ÀúÇ×ÇÏ´Â ÀÌ ¸ðµç °ÍÀÌ Çϳª·Î ¿¬°áµÈ °ÍÀ¸·Î¼­ ¾ï¾Ð¿¡ ´ëÇ×ÇÏ´Â ²÷ÀÓ¾ø´Â ÅõÀï ȤÀº ÀúÇ×À» ÀǹÌÇÑ´Ù.

The situation, however, is more complex than this narrative allows, more multifaceted. North Korean schools obviously do not provide young students with anything like an objective version of the Korean War or life in the South. The North vilifies Park and talks of driving her from power. More than 1.1 million North Korean troops linger above the demilitarized zone that’s divided North from South since the Korean War. It refuses to stop fabricating nuclear warheads while developing missiles for launching them against targets near and far.
±×·¯³ª ÀÌ »óȲÀº ¼³¸íÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °Íº¸´Ù ÈξÀ º¹ÀâÇÏ°í ´Ù¸éÀûÀÌ´Ù. ºÏÇÑÀÇ Çб³´Â ºÐ¸íÈ÷ ¾î¸° Çлýµé¿¡°Ô Çѱ¹ÀüÀïÀ̳ª ³²ÇÑÀÇ »ýÈ°¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °´°üÀûÀÎ ½Ã°¢ °°Àº °ÍÀ» °¡¸£Ä¡Áö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ºÏÇÑÀº ¹Ú±ÙÇý¸¦ ºñ¹æÇÏ°í ±×³à¸¦ ±Ç·Â¿¡¼­ ¸ô¾Æ³»´Â °Í¿¡ ´ëÇØ ¸»ÇÑ´Ù. Çѱ¹Àü ÀÌÈÄ ³²ºÏÀ» °¡¸£°í ÀÖ´Â ºñ¹«ÀåÁö´ë ³Ê¸Ó¿¡´Â 110¸¸ ÀÌ»óÀÇ ºÏÇѱºÀÌ ¹èÄ¡µÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù. ºÏÇÑÀº ±ÙÀå°Å¸® Ÿ°Ù¿ë ¹Ì»çÀÏ °³¹ßÀ» Çϸ鼭 ÇÙźµÎ Á¦ÀÛÀ» ¸ØÃßÁö ¾Ê°í ÀÖ´Ù.

In this context, is it reasonable for textbook writers in South Korea to insist on a fair, even sympathetic, portrayal of North Korea? School kids, say southern conservatives, need to comprehend the dangers that confront them.
ÀÌ·± ¸Æ¶ô¿¡¼­ Çѱ¹ ±³°ú¼­ ÁýÇÊÀÚµéÀÌ ºÏÇÑ¿¡ ´ëÇØ °øÁ¤ÇÏ°í ½ÉÁö¾î µ¿Á¤ÀûÀÎ ¹¦»ç¸¦ ÇÏ·Á´Â °ÍÀÌ Å¸´çÇÑ°¡? Çѱ¹ º¸¼öÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀº ÇлýµéÀÌ ÀڽŵéÀÇ ¾Õ¿¡ ÀÖ´Â À§ÇèÀ» ÀÌÇØÇÒ ÇÊ¿ä°¡ ÀÖ´Ù°í ¸»ÇÑ´Ù.

The back-and-forth is not going to stop any time soon. More than 50,000 people have signed a petition against the “correct history” plan, and textbook authors have joined in a lawsuit against the government, accusing authorities of trying to brainwash the young. The matter will also come before the people in election campaigns.
±×·¯ÇÑ ÀÔ¾¾¸§Àº °¡±î¿î ½ÃÀÏ ³»¿¡ ¸ØÃßÁö ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÇöÀç 5¸¸ ¸í ÀÌ»óÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ “¿Ã¹Ù¸¥ ±³°ú¼­” °èȹ¿¡ ¹Ý´ëÇϴ û¿ø¿¡ ¼­¸íÇßÀ¸¸ç ±³°ú¼­ ÁýÇÊÀÚµéÀº ´ç±¹ÀÌ Ã»³âµéÀ» ¼¼³ú½ÃÅ°·Á ÇÑ´Ù°í ºñ³­Çϸ鼭 Á¤ºÎ¸¦ »ó´ë·Î ¼Ò¼ÛÀ» ½ÃÀÛÇß´Ù. ÀÌ »ç¾ÈÀº ¶ÇÇÑ ¼±°Å¿îµ¿ Áß ±¹¹Î¿¡°Ô Áß¿äÇÑ Çö¾ÈÀ¸·Î ´Ù½Ã µîÀåÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

The debate bears certain parallels to textbook controversies in the United States. What should Americans be taught about the Vietnam War, or the legacy of American slavery and the civil rights struggle or, for that matter, wars against Native Americans? These questions reflect the difficulties of judging textbooks everywhere.
±× ³íÀïÀº ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ ±³°ú¼­ ³íÀï°úµµ À¯»ç¼ºÀ» °¡Áø´Ù. ¹Ì±¹ÀεéÀº º£Æ®³² ÀüÀï, ¹Ì±¹ ³ë¿¹Á¦µµ¿Í ½Ã¹Î±Ç ÅõÀï°ú °°Àº °ú°Å ȤÀº ¹Ì±¹ ¿øÁֹΰúÀÇ ÀüÀï¿¡ ´ëÇØ ¾î¶»°Ô ¹è¿ö¾ß Çϴ°¡? ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Áú¹®µéÀº ¼¼°è ¾î´À °÷¿¡¼­³ª ±³°ú¼­¸¦ ÆÇ´ÜÇÏ´Â ÀÏÀÇ ¾î·Á¿òÀ» º¸¿©ÁØ´Ù.

For Koreans, 65 years after the devastation of the Korean War, the issues are not only sensitive but ongoing, part of everyday reality on a divided peninsula.
Çѱ¹ÀüÀïÀ¸·Î ȲÆóµÈ ÈÄ Áö³­ 65³â°£ ÀÌ »ç¾ÈÀº Çѱ¹Àε鿡°Ô ÀÖ¾î ºÐ´ÜµÈ ÇѹݵµÀÇ ÀÏ»óÀû Çö½ÇÀÇ ÇÑ ºÎºÐÀ¸·Î¼­ ¹Î°¨ÇÒ »Ó ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ÇöÀçµµ °è¼Ó ÁøÇàµÇ°í ÀÖ´Â ¹®Á¦´Ù.

 

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