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Why has South Korea bungled its response to the latest disease outbreak so badly?
Çѱ¹Àº ÃÖ±Ù Àü¿°º´ ¹ß»ý¿¡ ¿Ö ±×·¸°Ô ¾û¸ÁÁøâÀ¸·Î ´ëÀÀÇß³ª?

• BY S. NATHAN PARK
• JUNE 26, 2015

By any measure, South Korea’s response to the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) outbreak has been a failure. Since its patient zero slipped past the airport quarantine on May 4, at least 181 people have been infected, and 31 have died. Although South Korea is a world away from the Middle East — the region that gives the disease its name — the country has the world’s second-highest incidence of MERS after Saudi Arabia. Authorities say the outbreak seems to be “easing,” with the tone sounding more like a prayer than a promise.
Áßµ¿È£Èí±âÁõÈıº ¹ß»ý¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Çѱ¹ Á¤ºÎÀÇ ´ëÀÀÀº ¾î¶² ±âÁØÀ¸·Î º¸¾Æµµ ½ÇÆп´´Ù. 0¹ø(ÃÖÃÊ) ȯÀÚ°¡ °øÇ× °Ý¸®¼Ò¸¦ ºüÁ®³ª°£ 5¿ù 4ÀÏ ÀÌ·¡·Î ÃÖ¼Ò 181¸íÀÌ °¨¿°µÆ°í 31¸íÀÌ »ç¸ÁÇß´Ù. ÀÌ Áúº´ÀÇ À̸§ÀÌ À¯·¡µÈ Áßµ¿ Áö¿ªÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ Áö¸®»óÀ¸·Î ¸Ö¸® ¶³¾îÁ® ÀÖÁö¸¸ Çѱ¹Àº ÇöÀç »ç¿ìµð¾Æ¶óºñ¾Æ¿¡ ÀÌ¾î ¼¼°è¿¡¼­ µÎ ¹ø°·Î ¸¹Àº °¨¿°ÀÚ¸¦ º¸À¯ÇÑ´Ù. ´ç±¹Àº ¹ß»ýÀÌ “¿ÏÈ­”µÇ´Â °Í °°´Ù°í ¸»ÇÏÁö¸¸ ±× ¾îÁ¶´Â È®¾àÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó Èñ¸Á »çÇ×À¸·Î µé¸°´Ù.

South Korea has not always been this hapless in responding to deadly epidemics. Indeed, during the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) outbreak in 2003, South Korea was the model of disease containment: onlyfour confirmed cases and no deaths. SARS was most prevalent in Hong Kong and China, where the disease caused 648 deaths out of more than 7,000 cases. South Korea’s human traffic with China and Hong Kong is magnitudes greater than that with the Middle East, yet its record against SARS was so flawless that the BBC reported on the silly theory that the country’s national dish, kimchi, prevented SARS.
Çѱ¹ÀÌ Ä¡¸íÀûÀÎ Àü¿°º´À» ´ëóÇÏ´Â ÀÏ¿¡¼­ Ç×»ó ÀÌó·³ ¿îÀÌ ³ª»¦´ø °ÍÀº ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. »ç½Ç 2003³â ±Þ¼ºÈ£Èí±âÁõÈıº(»ç½º)ÀÌ ¹ß»ýÇßÀ» ´ç½Ã Çѱ¹Àº Áúº´ÀÇ È®»êÀ» ¸·´Â µ¥ ÀÖ¾î ´ÜÁö 4¸íÀÇ °¨¿°ÀÚ¸¦ ³ÂÀ» »Ó »ç¸ÁÀÚ¸¦ ÇÑ »ç¶÷µµ ³»Áö ¾ÊÀº ¸ð¹üÀûÀÎ »ç·Ê¿´´Ù. »ç½º´Â È«Äá°ú Áß±¹¿¡¼­ °¡Àå ¸¹ÀÌ ÆÛÁ³°í 7,000¿© ¸íÀÇ °¨¿°ÀÚ¿Í 648¸íÀÇ »ç¸ÁÀÚ°¡ ÀÌ°÷¿¡¼­ ³ª¿Ô´Ù. Çѱ¹ÀÇ Áß±¹°ú È«Äá°úÀÇ ±³·ù´Â Áßµ¿°úÀÇ ±³·ùº¸´Ù ÈξÀ ´õ Å« ±Ô¸ðÀÌÁö¸¸ »ç½º¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ´ëó´Â ÇÑ Ä¡ÀÇ ½Ç¼öµµ ¾ø¾î¼­ BBC´Â Çѱ¹ÀÇ ±¹¹Î À½½ÄÀÎ ±èÄ¡°¡ »ç½º¸¦ ¸·¾Ò´Ù´Â ¿ô±â´Â ÀÌ·ÐÀ» º¸µµÇßÀ» Á¤µµ¿´´Ù.

Between the two outbreaks, what changed in South Korea? Two factors stand out. First, South Korea’s rapidly aging population has been demanding increased coverage, which exerts strong upward cost pressure on the country’s public health care system. To minimize costs, South Korea has few publicly run hospitals — instead, it relies on the private sector to an unusual degree. The country nearly tops OECD states in per capita number of hospital beds, with 10.29 beds per 1,000 people (second only to Japan) — however, only 1.2 beds per 1,000 people belong to public hospitals.
µÎ Àü¿°º´ÀÇ ¹ßº´ »çÀÌ Çѱ¹¿¡ ¾î¶² º¯È­°¡ ÀÖ¾ú´Â°¡? µÎ °¡Áö ¿ä¼Ò°¡ µÎµå·¯Áø´Ù. ù°, ±Þ¼ÓÇÏ°Ô °í·ÉÈ­µÇ´Â Àα¸·Î ÀÎÇØ Çѱ¹ÀÇ ÀÇ·á º¸ÇèÀº º¸ÇèÀ» ÇÊ¿ä·Î ÇÏ´Â ¼ö¿ä°¡ Áõ°¡ÇÏ°Ô µÆ°í, ÀÌ´Â Çѱ¹ ÀÇ·áÁ¦µµ¿¡ ºñ¿ë Áõ°¡¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¾Ð·ÂÀ» ½ÉÇÏ°Ô ÁØ´Ù. ºñ¿ëÀ» ÃÖ¼ÒÈ­Çϱâ À§ÇØ Çѱ¹¿¡´Â °ø°øº´¿øÀÌ º°·Î ¾ø°í, ´ë½Å¿¡ Çѱ¹Àº ¹Î°£ ºÐ¾ß¿¡ ºñÁ¤»óÀûÀÏ Á¤µµ·Î ÀÇÁ¸ÇÑ´Ù. Çѱ¹Àº ÀÏ ÀÎ´ç º´¿ø ħ»ó ¼ö¿¡ ÀÖ¾î Àα¸ 1,000¸í´ç 10.29°³ÀÇ Ä§»óÀ¸·Î OECD ±¹°¡ Áß ¼±µÎ¸¦ ´Þ¸®Áö¸¸(ÀϺ» ´ÙÀ½À¸·Î 2À§¸¦ Â÷ÁöÇÑ´Ù), 1,000¸í´ç 1.2°³ÀÇ Ä§»ó¸¸ÀÌ °ø°øº´¿ø¿¡ ¼ÓÇÑ´Ù.

South Korea’s relatively low number of public hospitals meant that in the early stages of the MERS epidemic, few hospitals were ready to take aggressive measures in the interest of public health. Nearly all of South Korea’s MERS infections occurred as a result of cross-contamination among patients at hospitals. Just two for-profit hospitals, Samsung Medical Center and Pyeongtaek St. Mary’s Hospital, reportedly accounted for nearly 70 percent of the MERS cases. Unlike public hospitals, for-profit hospitals were slow to quarantine MERS patients and slower still to announce the incidences of MERS inside their buildings — a public announcement would surely have driven away customers.
Çѱ¹¿¡ °ø°øº´¿øÀÇ ¼ö°¡ ºñ±³Àû Àû´Ù´Â »ç½ÇÀº ¸Þ¸£½º È®»ê Ãʱ⠴ܰ迡 °øÁߺ¸°ÇÀ» À§ÇÑ Àû±ØÀûÀÎ Á¶Ä¡¸¦ ÃëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â º´¿øÀÌ ¾ó¸¶ ¾ø¾úÀ½À» ÀǹÌÇÑ´Ù. Çѱ¹ ³» °ÅÀÇ ¸ðµç ¸Þ¸£½º °¨¿°Àº º´¿ø ³» ȯÀÚ °£ÀÇ Àü¿°À¸·Î ÀϾ´Ù. ¿µ¸®¸¦ ¸ñÀûÀ¸·Î ÇÏ´Â »ï¼º¼­¿ïº´¿ø°ú ÆòÅüº¸ðº´¿ø, µÎ º´¿ø¿¡¼­ ¸Þ¸£½º °¨¿°ÀÚÀÇ °ÅÀÇ 70%°¡ ¹ß»ýÇÑ °ÍÀ¸·Î º¸µµµÆ´Ù. °ø°øº´¿ø°ú ´Þ¸®, ¿µ¸®º´¿øµéÀº ¸Þ¸£½º ȯÀÚµéÀ» °Ý¸®½ÃÅ°´Â ÀÏ¿¡ ½Å¼ÓÇÏÁö ¸øÇß°í, º´µ¿ ³» ¸Þ¸£½º °¨¿° »ç·Ê¸¦ ¹ßÇ¥ÇÏ´Â ÀÏ¿¡¼­´Â ´õ´õ¿í ´À·È´Ù. °¨¿° »ç½ÇÀÇ ¹ßÇ¥´Â È®½ÇÈ÷ °í°´À» ÂÑÀ» °ÍÀ̱⠶§¹®À̾ú´Ù.

Other cost-cutting measures also contributed. For hospital stays, South Korea’s national health insurance only covers shared rooms with up to six patients in a room, requiring patients to pay extra for private rooms. This cost structure incentivized patients to stay in shared rooms, which exacerbated cross-contamination. The third MERS patient, and the first to die, contracted the disease while sharing a hospital room with patient zero. The national health insurance has a low coverage rate for bedside care, which often leads the patient’s family members — rather than a trained professional — to attend to the patient. Family members tending the patients are free to enter and leave the hospital without taking proper steps to disinfect themselves, further spreading germs and disease. (The fourth MERS patient was the third MERS patient’s daughter, tending to her father at the hospital.)
ºñ¿ë Àý°¨À» À§ÇÑ ´Ù¸¥ Á¤Ã¥µéµµ ¸Þ¸£½º È®»ê¿¡ ±â¿©Çß´Ù. Çѱ¹ÀÇ ±¹¹Î°Ç°­º¸ÇèÀº ÃÖ´ë ¿©¼¸ ¸íÀÌ °°Àº ¹æÀ» ¾²´Â °øµ¿ÀÔ¿ø½Ç ºñ¿ë¸¸ ºÎ´ãÇÏ°í, °³ÀνÇÀ» ¾²°íÀÚ Çϴ ȯÀÚµéÀº »çºñ¸¦ ³»¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ ºñ¿ë ±¸Á¶·Î ¸»¹Ì¾Ï¾Æ ȯÀÚµéÀº ´ÙÀÎ ÀÔ¿ø½Ç¿¡ ÀÔ¿øÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ¼±È£Çß°í, ÀÌ·Î½á »óÈ£ Àü¿°ÀÌ ´õ¿í ½ÉÇØÁ³´Ù. ¼¼ ¹ø° ¸Þ¸£½º ȯÀÚÀÌÀÚ Ã¹ »ç¸ÁÀÚ´Â 0¹ø ȯÀÚ¿Í °°Àº ÀÔ¿ø½ÇÀ» »ç¿ëÇÏ´Ù°¡ °¨¿°µÆ´Ù. ±¹¹Î°Ç°­º¸ÇèÀº °£º´ºñ º¸Çè Áö±Þ¾×À» ³·°Ô Ã¥Á¤ÇÔÀ¸·Î½á Àü¹® °£º´ÀÎÀÌ ¾Æ´Ñ ȯÀÚ °¡Á·ÀÌ È¯ÀÚ¸¦ ¼ö¹ßÇÏ´Â °æ¿ì°¡ Á¾Á¾ ÀÖ´Ù. ȯÀÚ¸¦ µ¹º¸´Â °¡Á·µéÀº ÀûÀýÇÑ ¼Òµ¶°úÁ¤À» °ÅÄ¡Áö ¾Ê°íµµ º´¿øÀ» ÀÚÀ¯·Ó°Ô ÃâÀÔÇÏ¿© ±Õ°ú º´À» ´õ¿í Æ۶߷ȴÙ. (³× ¹ø° ¸Þ¸£½º ȯÀÚ´Â º´¿ø¿¡¼­ ¼¼ ¹ø° ȯÀÚ¸¦ °£º´ÇÏ´ø ȯÀÚÀÇ µþÀ̾ú´Ù.)

But the health care system alone does not fully account for South Korea’s wildly divergent reactions against SARS and MERS. The more significant factor has been the people who operate the system. To put it bluntly, South Korea’s current administration, headed by President Park Geun-hye, was not up to the challenge.
ÇÏÁö¸¸ ÀÇ·á ½Ã½ºÅÛ¸¸À¸·Î´Â Çѱ¹ÀÌ »ç½º¿Í ¸Þ¸£½º¿¡ ´ëÇØ »óÀÌÇÏ°Ô ´ëóÇÑ °ÍÀ» ¿ÂÀüÈ÷ ¼³¸íÇÒ ¼ö´Â ¾ø´Ù. ´õ Áß¿äÇÑ ¿äÀÎÀº ½Ã½ºÅÛÀ» °üÀåÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀ̾ú´Ù. Á÷¼³ÀûÀ¸·Î ¸»ÇØ, ¹Ú±ÙÇý ´ëÅë·ÉÀÌ À̲ô´Â Çѱ¹ Á¤ºÎ´Â ±× µµÀü¿¡ ´ëÀÀÇÒ ¸¸ÇÑ ´É·ÂÀÌ ¾ø¾ú´Ù.

In 2003, President Roh Moo-hyun’s administration — whose executive efficiency has always been deeply underrated — sprang into action when SARS broke out in Hong Kong, even before there were any reported cases in South Korea. Then prime minister, Goh Kun personally visited South Korea’s major airports to oversee the installation of thermal detectors that scanned every traveler entering from affected countries. Seoul set aside roughly $20 million in an emergency budget for disease control, designated more than 40 quarantine hospitals, and paid them in advance to make up for any potential loss they might come to suffer as a result of the designation. The Roh administration also formed a centralized SARS-response task force with broad plenary authority, including the authority to shut down any hospital that showed any sign of cross-contamination among its patients and professionals.
2003³â ³ë¹«Çö Á¤ºÎ-±¹Á¤ ¿î¿µ ´É·ÂÀÌ ´Ã ½ÉÇÒ Á¤µµ·Î Æò°¡ ÀýÇϵƴø- ´Â È«Äá¿¡¼­ »ç½º°¡ ¹ß¹ßÇÏÀÚ ±¹³» °¨¿° º¸°í°¡ Àֱ⵵ Àü¿¡ Áï°¢ÀûÀÎ Çൿ¿¡ µ¹ÀÔÇß´Ù. ´ç½Ã ÃѸ®¿´´ø °í°Ç ±¹¹«ÃѸ®´Â ±¹³»ÀÇ ÁÖ¿ä °øÇ×À» ¸ö¼Ò ¹æ¹®ÇØ °¨¿°±¹¿¡¼­ ÀÔ±¹ÇÏ´Â ¸ðµç ¿©Çà°´À» °Ë»çÇϱâ À§ÇÑ Ã¼¿Â °¨Áö±âÀÇ ¼³Ä¡¸¦ °¨µ¶Çß´Ù. ³ë¹«Çö Á¤ºÎ´Â ¾à 2õ¸¸ ´Þ·¯¸¦ Áúº´ ÅëÁ¦¸¦ À§ÇÑ ÀÀ±Þ ÀÚ±ÝÀ¸·Î È®º¸ÇÏ°í 40°³°¡ ³Ñ´Â º´¿øÀ» °Ý¸® º´¿øÀ¸·Î ÁöÁ¤Çß´Ù. ±×¸®°í °Ý¸® º´¿øÀÌ ÀÔÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ÀáÀçÀûÀÎ °æÁ¦Àû ¼Õ½ÇÀ» ¸Þ²Ù±â À§ÇØ ¹Ì¸® º¸»ó±ÝÀ» Áö±ÞÇß´Ù. ¶Ç ³ë¹«Çö Á¤ºÎ´Â º´¿ø¿¡¼­ ȯÀÚ¿Í ÀÇ·áÁøµé °£ ±³Â÷ °¨¿°ÀÇ Â¡ÈÄ°¡ º¸ÀÏ ½Ã º´¿ø Æó¼â¸¦ Áö½ÃÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â, Æø³ÐÀº ±ÇÇÑÀÌ ºÎ¿©µÈ Áß¾ÓÁý±ÇÀûÀÎ »ç½º ´ëÀÀ ¾÷¹«ÆÀÀ» ±¸¼ºÇß´Ù.

In contrast, the Park administration did not even have a prime minister when MERS broke out in South Korea. The country’s second-highest office was vacant as the Park administration struggled to find a scandal-free candidate after its second prime minister in two years resigned following a bribery scandal. (The current prime minister was not sworn in until June 18.) And Park herself seemed unwilling to get involved: She did not meet the minister of health and welfare until six days after the first confirmed case of MERS.
ÀÌ¿Í´Â ´ëÁ¶ÀûÀ¸·Î, Çѱ¹¿¡¼­ ¸Þ¸£½º°¡ ¹ß»ýÇÒ ´ç½Ã ¹Ú±ÙÇý Á¤ºÎ¿¡´Â ÃѸ®Á¶Â÷ ¾ø¾ú´Ù. ±¹³» ±Ç·Â ¼­¿­ 2À§ÀÎ ÀÌ Á÷À§´Â 2³â ¸¸¿¡ µÎ ¹ø° ÃѸ®¸¶Àú ³ú¹° Ãß¹®À¸·Î »çÀÓÇÏÀÚ ¹Ú Á¤ºÎ°¡ û·ÅÇÑ ÃѸ® Èĺ¸ÀÚ¸¦ ¹ß±¼ÇÏ´Â µ¥ ¾Ö¸¦ ¸ÔÀ¸¸é¼­ °ø¼®ÀΠä·Î ³²¾Æ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. (Çö ±¹¹«ÃѸ®´Â 6¿ù 18ÀÏ¿¡¾ß ÃëÀÓÇß´Ù.) ¶Ç ¹Ú±ÙÇý ´ëÅë·É º»ÀÎÀº ¸Þ¸£½º »çŸ¦ ÁøµÎÁöÈÖÇÒ ¸¶À½ÀÌ ¾ø´Â µí º¸¿´´Ù: ¹Ú ´ëÅë·ÉÀº ù ¹ø° ¸Þ¸£½º °¨¿° È®Áø ȯÀÚ°¡ ³ª¿Â Áö 6ÀÏ ÈÄ¿¡¾ß º¸°Çº¹ÁöºÎ Àå°ü°ú ȸµ¿Çß´Ù.

With no head of government and little involvement from Park, Seoul’s initial response lacked leadership. Instead of establishing a centralized control tower that would take decisive actions, no less than five different task forces emerged in different parts of the government, with little coordination. The Ministry of Health and Welfare, for example, initially decided not to release the names of the hospitals in which MERS occurred, to prevent unnecessary panic. But Korail, South Korea’s publicly owned rail company, released the names in a June 4 travel advisory. As public distrust of the government grew in reaction to this bungled response, local leaders such as Seoul’s mayor clamored to take over the MERS response in their jurisdictions, which added to the chaos. Amid the confusion, MERS in South Korea — which began with just one person who traveled from the Middle East — grew into a full-blown outbreak.
Á¤ºÎÀÇ ÁÖµµµµ ¾øÀÌ ¹Ú±ÙÇý ´ëÅë·ÉÀÇ °³ÀÔµµ °ÅÀÇ ¾øÀÌ, Çѱ¹ÀÇ Ãʱ⠴ëÀÀ¿¡´Â ¸®´õ½ÊÀÌ ºÎÀçÇß´Ù. ´ÜÈ£ÇÑ Á¶Ä¡µéÀ» ÃëÇÏ´Â Áß¾Ó Áý±ÇÈ­µÈ ÅëÁ¦ Ÿ¿ö¸¦ ¼³Ä¡ÇÏ´Â ´ë½Å¿¡ Àڱ׸¶Ä¡ 5°³ÀÇ ¼­·Î ´Ù¸¥ Àü´ã¹ÝÀÌ »óÈ£ ÇùÁ¶µµ ¾øÀÌ °¢±â ´Ù¸¥ Á¤ºÎ ºÎ¼­·ÎºÎÅÍ µîÀåÇß´Ù. ¿¹¸¦ µé¾î, º¸°Çº¹ÁöºÎ´Â óÀ½¿¡´Â ºÒÇÊ¿äÇÑ ÆдР»óȲÀ» ¸·±â À§ÇØ ¸Þ¸£½º°¡ ¹ß»ýÇÑ º´¿øµéÀÇ À̸§À» ¹ßÇ¥ÇÏÁö ¾Ê±â·Î °áÁ¤Çß´Ù. ±×·¯³ª Çѱ¹ÀÇ °ø°øöµµÈ¸»çÀÎ ÄÚ·¹ÀÏÀº 6¿ù 4ÀÏ ¿©Çà±Ç°í¿¡¼­ ±× ¸í´ÜÀ» ¹ßÇ¥Çß´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¾û¸ÁÀÎ ´ëÀÀ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹ÝÀÀÀ¸·Î Á¤ºÎ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ´ëÁßÀûÀÎ ºÒ½ÅÀÌ Ä¿Áö¸é¼­ ¼­¿ï½ÃÀåó·³ ÁöÀÚü ´ÜüÀåµéÀÌ ÀڽŵéÀÇ °üÇұǿ¡¼­ÀÇ ¸Þ¸£½º ´ëÀÀÀ» ¶°¸Ã°Ú´Ù°í ³ª¼­¸ç È¥¶õÀÌ Ä¿Á³´Ù. ±×·¯ÇÑ È¥µ· Áß¿¡, Çѱ¹¿¡¼­ÀÇ ¸Þ¸£½º´Â Áßµ¿À» ¿©ÇàÇß´ø ´Ü ÇÑ »ç¶÷À¸·Î ½ÃÀÛÇؼ­ Àü¸éÀûÀÎ ¹ß»ýÀ¸·Î Ä¿Á³´Ù.

When Park assumed office in February 2013, there were concerns that she might follow the footsteps of her father, Park Chung-hee, an iron-fisted strongman who ruled South Korea for 17 years until his assassination in 1979. As it turns out, the opposite concern might have been more appropriate — that the younger Park may not be decisive enough to take initiative during a nationwide crisis.
¹Ú ´ëÅë·ÉÀÌ 2013³â ÃëÀÓÇÒ ´ç½Ã ±×³à°¡ 1979³â ¾Ï»ìµÇ±â±îÁö 17³â°£ Çѱ¹À» ö±Ç ÅëÄ¡Çß´ø µ¶ÀçÀÚ ¾Æ¹öÁö, ¹ÚÁ¤ÈñÀÇ ÀüöÀ» ¹âÀ»Áöµµ ¸ð¸¥´Ù´Â ¿ì·Á°¡ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ½ÇÁ¦·Î´Â ¹Ú ´ëÅë·ÉÀÌ ±¹°¡ À§±â »óȲ¿¡¼­ ÁÖµµ±ÇÀ» ÀâÀ» Á¤µµ·Î ÃæºÐÈ÷ °á´ÜÀ» ³»¸®Áö ¸øÇÒÁöµµ ¸ð¸¥´Ù´Â ±× ¹Ý´ëÀÇ ¿ì·Á°¡ ´õ ÀûÀýÇßÀ»Áöµµ ¸ð¸¥´Ù.

 

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