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goo.gl/NyTBPd

South Korea’s Press Freedom Gets a Reprieve
Çѱ¹ÀÇ ¾ð·Ð ÀÚÀ¯¿¡ ¼ûÅë Æ®¿©

A foreign journalist escapes conviction for libel despite considerable government efforts to prosecute.
¿Ü±¹ ±âÀÚ°¡ Çѱ¹ Á¤ºÎÀÇ »ó´çÇÑ ±â¼Ò ³ë·Â¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸ÇÏ°í ¸í¿¹ÈÑ¼Õ À¯ÁË ¼±°í¸¦ ¸éÇÏ´Ù.

Dec. 20, 2015 1:08 p.m. ET
Seoul Central District Court acquitted a Japanese journalist of criminal libel against President Park Geun-hye on Thursday, marking a small victory for freedom of the press in South Korea. The decision also averted a potential clash with Japan and reaffirmed the independence of the Korean judiciary.
¸ñ¿äÀÏ ¼­¿ïÁß¾ÓÁö¹æ¹ý¿øÀº ¹Ú±ÙÇý ´ëÅë·É¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¸í¿¹ÈѼÕÁË ÇøÀÇ·Î ±â¼Ò´çÇÑ ÀϺ» ¾ð·ÐÀο¡ ´ëÇØ ¹«Á˸¦ ¼±°íÇϸç Çѱ¹ÀÇ ¾ð·Ð ÀÚÀ¯¿¡ ÀÛÀº ½Â¸®¸¦ ¾È°ÜÁá´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ, ÀÌ ÆÇ°áÀº ÀϺ»°úÀÇ Ãæµ¹À» ÇÇÇÏ°í Çѱ¹ »ç¹ýºÎÀÇ µ¶¸³¼ºÀ» ÀçÈ®ÀνÃÄ×´Ù.


Tatsuya Kato, a reporter for the Sankei Shimbun newspaper, reported on a rumor that Ms. Park was out of touch for seven hours in April when an overloaded ferry sank, killing hundreds of people, mostly high-school students. This rumor was printed in the Chosun Ilbo, Korea’s biggest-selling newspaper. Yet prosecutors didn’t press charges against local journalists, let alone ask for a lengthy prison sentence as they did in Mr. Kato’s case.
»êÄÉÀÌ ½Å¹®ÀÇ ±âÀÚÀÎ °¡Åä ´Ù¾²¾ß´Â È­¹°ÀÌ °ú´Ù ÀûÀçµÈ ¼¼¿ùÈ£°¡ ħ¸ôÇÏ¸ç ´ëºÎºÐ °íµîÇлýÀÌ´ø ¼ö¹é ¸íÀÌ »ç¸ÁÇÑ 4¿ù¿¡ ¹Ú±ÙÇý ´ëÅë·ÉÀÌ 7½Ã°£ µ¿¾È ¿¬¶ôÀÌ µÇÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù´Â ·ç¸Ó¸¦ º¸µµÇß´Ù. ±× ·ç¸Ó´Â Çѱ¹¿¡¼­ °¡Àå ¸¹ÀÌ Æȸ®´Â ½Å¹®ÀÎ Á¶¼±ÀϺ¸¿¡µµ ½Ç·È´Ù. ±×·¯³ª °Ë»çµéÀº Çѱ¹ÀÎ ±âÀÚ¿¡ ´ëÇؼ­´Â °¡ÅäÀÇ °æ¿ìó·³ ±ä ¡¿ªÇüÀ» ±¸ÇüÇϱâ´ÂÄ¿³ç ±â¼ÒÁ¶Â÷ ÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù.


The unfairness of the prosecution motivated me to testify for the defense, even though I had never met Mr. Kato or his successor, Kinya Fujimoto, and knew nothing about the story beyond what had appeared in the local media. I found it hard to believe that the government was so concerned about Mr. Kato’s report. If the story was ridiculous, in my view, so was the case against him.
ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ±â¼ÒÀÇ ºÒ°øÁ¤¼º ¶§¹®¿¡, ³ª´Â °¡Åä ¾¾³ª ±×ÀÇ ÈÄÀÓÀÚ ÈÄÁö¸ðÅä ±ä¾ß¸¦ ¸¸³­ Àûµµ ¾ø°í, ÇöÁö ¾ð·Ð¿¡¼­ º¸µµÇÑ °Í ÀÌ»óÀÇ À̾߱⸦ ¾ËÁö ¸øÇßÀ½¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸ÇÏ°í ±×¸¦ º¯È£Çϱâ À§ÇØ Áõ¾ðÇÒ »ý°¢ÀÌ µé¾ú´Ù. ³ª´Â Á¤ºÎ°¡ °¡ÅäÀÇ º¸µµ¿¡ ´ëÇØ ±×·¸°Ô ½ÉÇÏ°Ô ¿°·ÁÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ¹Ï±â ¾î·Á¿ü´Ù. ³» »ý°¢À¸·Î ¸¸¾à º¸µµ ³»¿ëÀÌ ¾î󱸴Ͼø´Â °ÍÀ̶ó¸é ±×¸¦ ±â¼ÒÇÑ »ç°Çµµ ¾î󱸴Ͼø¾ú´Ù.


So for four hours one day in June, I answered questions first from a battery of defense lawyers and then from prosecution lawyers, three on each team. The scrupulous attention given to my testimony by the court was a revelation in itself. An interpreter beside me translated from Korean to English and English to Korean. Another interpreter translated all that was said into Japanese.
±×·¡¼­ 6¿ù ¾î´À ³¯ 4½Ã°£¿¡ °ÉÃÄ ³ª´Â °¢ ÆÀ 3¸íÀ¸·Î ±¸¼ºµÈ ÇÇ°í Ãø º¯È£ÀδÜÀÇ Áú¹®¿¡ ¸ÕÀú ´ë´äÇÏ°í À̾ ±â¼Ò °Ë»çµéÀÇ Áú¹®¿¡ ´äº¯Çß´Ù. ¹ýÁ¤ÀÌ ³» Áõ¾ð¿¡ ½ñ¾ÆÁØ ¼¼½ÉÇÑ °ü½ÉÀº ³î¶ó¿ò ±× ÀÚü¿´´Ù. ³» ¿·¿¡ ¾ÉÀº Å뿪°üÀº Çѱ¹¾î¸¦ ¿µ¾î·Î, ¿µ¾î¸¦ Çѱ¹¾î·Î Å뿪Çß´Ù. ¶Ç ´Ù¸¥ Å뿪»ç´Â ¸»ÇØÁø ¸ðµç ³»¿ëÀ» ÀϺ»¾î·Î Å뿪Çß´Ù.

As a journalist who has worked in South Korea for decades, including as a stringer for the New York Times, I told the court that foreign journalists often include what the local media is saying in their own reports. I argued that Mr. Kato’s report shouldn’t be assumed to be deliberately slanderous.
´º¿åŸÀÓ½º ºñ»ó±Ù Åë½Å¿ø ±Ù¹«¸¦ ºñ·ÔÇØ ¼ö½Ê ³â°£ Çѱ¹¿¡¼­ ÀÏÇÑ ¾ð·ÐÀÎÀ¸·Î¼­ ³ª´Â ¿Ü±¹ ¾ð·ÐÀεéÀº ÇöÁö ¾ð·ÐÀÌ ¸»ÇÏ´Â ³»¿ëÀ» ±â»ç¿¡ Æ÷ÇÔ½ÃŲ´Ù°í ¹ýÁ¤¿¡¼­ ¸»Çß´Ù. ³ª´Â °¡Åä ¾¾ÀÇ ±â»ç°¡ °íÀÇ·Î ºñ¹æÇÏ·Á Çß´Ù°í ÃßÁ¤Çؼ­´Â ¾È µÈ´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇß´Ù.


A three-judge panel listened carefully, immobile in judicial robes, except when the chief judge asked if I was aware of the difference between German and American law on free speech. He assumed I knew about the U.S. constitution guaranteeing “freedom of speech, or of the press,” but told me under German law an insult to human dignity would be libelous. That question gave me the impression that the chance of acquittal was slight.
¼¼ ¸íÀÇ ÆÇ»ç´Â ¹ýº¹À» ÀÔÀº ä ¹Ìµ¿µµ ÇÏÁö ¾Ê°í ÁÖÀÇ ±í°Ô µé¾úÀ¸¸ç, ´ÜÁö ÁÖ½ÉÆÇ»ç´Â ³»°¡ Ç¥ÇöÀÇ ÀÚÀ¯¿¡ À־ µ¶ÀÏ°ú ¹Ì±¹ ¹ýÀÇ Â÷À̸¦ ¾Æ´À³Ä°í Áú¹®Çß´Ù. ÁÖ½É ÆÇ»ç´Â “Ç¥ÇöÀÇ ÀÚÀ¯ ȤÀº ¾ð·ÐÀÇ ÀÚÀ¯”¸¦ º¸ÀåÇÏ´Â ¹Ì±¹ Çå¹ý¿¡ ´ëÇØ ³»°¡ ¾Ë°í ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀ¸·Î ¿©±â¸ç, ÇÏÁö¸¸ µ¶ÀÏ Çå¹ý¿¡¼­´Â Àΰ£ Á¸¾ö¼º¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¸ð¿åÀÌ ¸í¿¹ÈѼÕÀÌ µÈ´Ù°í ¸»Çß´Ù. ±× Áú¹®Àº ¹«Á˸¦ ¼±°íÇÒ °¡´É¼ºÀÌ Èñ¹ÚÇÒ °ÍÀ̶ó´Â ÀλóÀ» ³»°Ô ÁÖ¾ú´Ù.


Over several cups of coffee before and after I testified, Messrs. Kato, Fujimoto and I agreed that the court would probably find Mr. Kato guilty and levy a fine but not send him to jail. It appeared that the Sankei Shimbun, a conservative newspaper ranked fifth in Japan in circulation, would have to suffer the ignominy of a conviction.
Áõ¾ð ÀüÈÄ ¸î ÀÜÀÇ Ä¿ÇǸ¦ ¸¶½Ã¸ç °¡Åä ¾¾, ÈÄÁö¸ðÅä ¾¾, ±×¸®°í ³ª´Â ¹ýÁ¤ÀÌ ¾Æ¸¶ °¡Åä ¾¾¿¡°Ô À¯ÁË¿Í ¹ú±ÝÇüÀ» ¼±°íÇÏ°í ¡¿ªÇüÀº ³»¸®Áö ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀ̶ó´Â µ¥¿¡ µ¿ÀÇÇß´Ù. ÀϺ»¿¡¼­ ¹ßÇà ºÎ¼ö 5À§ÀÎ º¸¼ö ½Å¹® »êÄÉÀÌ ½Å¹®Àº À¯ÁË ÆÇ°áÀÇ ºÒ¸í¿¹¸¦ °¨¼öÇØ¾ß ÇÒ µí½Í¾ú´Ù.


So we were all surprised last week when the court showed the independence of the Korean judiciary. The decision said it was “difficult to conclude that the defendant intended to defame the president or libel her as a public figure.” Mr. Kato’s conduct was “in the realm of freedom of the press.”
±×·¡¼­ ¹ý¿øÀÌ Çѱ¹ »ç¹ýºÎÀÇ µ¶¸³¼ºÀ» º¸¿©Áá´ø Áö³­ÁÖ ¿ì¸® ¸ðµÎ´Â ±ô¦ ³î¶ú´Ù. ±× ÆÇ°á¹®Àº “°¡Åä ¾¾°¡ ´ëÅë·ÉÀ» ¸í¿¹ÈѼÕÇϰųª °øÀÎÀ¸·Î¼­ ´ëÅë·ÉÀ» ºñ¹æÇÏ·Á ÀǵµÇß´Ù°í °á·ÐÁþ±â ¾î·Á¿ì¸ç”, °¡Åä ¾¾ÀÇ ÇàÀ§´Â “¾ð·ÐÀÇ ÀÚÀ¯ ¿µ¿ª¿¡” ¼ÓÇÑ´Ù°í ¸»Çß´Ù.


Nevertheless, the protracted nature of the case raises serious questions about the system under which it wended its way to a final decision. Why was Mr. Kato indicted in the first place? Why did the court meet only once a month? Why was Mr. Kato initially banned from leaving Korea?
ÇÏÁö¸¸ Àå±â°£¿¡ °ÉÃÄ ÁøÇàµÈ ÀÌ »ç°ÇÀº ÃÖÁ¾ ÆÇ°áÀÌ ³ª¿À±â±îÁö ¿ì¿©°îÀýÀ» °Þ°Ô ÇÑ Ã¼Á¦¿¡ ´ëÇØ ½É°¢ÇÑ Àǹ®À» Á¦±âÇÑ´Ù. ¾ÖÃÊ¿¡ °¡Åä ¾¾´Â ¿Ö ±â¼ÒµÆÀ»±î? ¿Ö ÀçÆÇÀº ÇÑ ´Þ¿¡ ÇÑ ¹ø¹Û¿¡ ¿­¸®Áö ¾Ê¾ÒÀ»±î? °¡Åä ¾¾´Â óÀ½¿¡ ¿Ö Ãâ±¹ ±ÝÁö¸¦ ´çÇßÀ»±î?

Perhaps more importantly, why did President Park want the government to dedicate such resources to the prosecution of a foreign journalist? Since Korean law doesn’t recognize “double jeopardy” after an initial finding of innocence, would the prosecution, humiliated, appeal? For that matter, why is libel a criminal rather than civil offense in Korea?
¾Æ¸¶ ´õ¿í Áß¿äÇÑ »ç½Ç·Î¼­, ¹Ú±ÙÇý ´ëÅë·ÉÀº ¿Ö ±×·¸°Ô ±¹°¡ üÁ¦¸¦ µ¿¿øÇØ ÀÏ°³ ¿Ü½Å ±âÀÚ¸¦ ±â¼ÒÇßÀ»±î? Çѱ¹¹ýÀº 1½É¿¡¼­ ¹«ÁË ÆÇ°áÀÌ ³­ ÈÄ “ÀÌÁßÀ§Çè±ÝÁö (¿ªÁÖ: °°Àº ÁË·Î µÎ ¹ø ±â¼Ò´çÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ±ÝÁöÇÏ´Â ¹ý¸®)” ¿øÄ¢À» ÀÎÁ¤ÇÏÁö ¾Ê±â ¶§¹®¿¡ À̹ø ÆÇ°á·Î ¸Á½ÅÀ» ´çÇÑ °ËÂûÀº °ú¿¬ Ç×¼ÒÇÒ °ÍÀΰ¡? °Ô´Ù°¡ ¿Ö Çѱ¹¿¡¼­´Â ¸í¿¹ÈѼÕÀÌ ¹Î»ç°¡ ¾Æ´Ñ Çü»ç»ó ¹üÁËÀϱî?


In fact, the court’s decision might have been swayed by a Korean Foreign Ministry statement that a conviction would worsen long-strained Korea-Japan relations. Proud as I am to have aided Mr. Kato’s successful defense, that consideration may have given the court the courage it needed to do the right thing.
»ç½Ç ¹ýÁ¤ ÆÇ°áÀº À¯ÁË ¼±°í°¡ ¿À·§µ¿¾È °æÁ÷µÈ ÇÑÀÏ°ü°è¸¦ ´õ¿í ¾ÇÈ­½Ãų °ÍÀ» ¿ì·ÁÇÑ ¿Ü±³ºÎ ¼º¸íÀÇ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹Þ¾ÒÀ» ¼öµµ ÀÖ´Ù. °¡Åä ¾¾ÀÇ ¼º°øÀûÀÎ º¯È£¿¡ ÀÏÁ¶ÇÑ °Í¿¡ ´ëÇØ ÇÊÀÚ ½º½º·Î ÀںνÉÀ» ´À³¢Áö¸¸, ¿Ü±³ºÎÀÇ ¿ì·Á°¡ ÀÖ¾ú±â ¶§¹®¿¡ ¹ý¿øÀÌ ¾Æ¸¶ ¿Ã¹Ù¸¥ °áÁ¤À» ³»¸± ¼ö ÀÖ¾úÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù.


Nor do I have any illusions about the decision as a precedent. The judge gave freedom of the press a reprieve, but the laws the Park government used to go after Mr. Kato remain on the books. The outcome is just one step toward better protection for Korean as well as foreign journalists.
µ¿½Ã¿¡ ÇÊÀÚ´Â À̹ø ÆÇ°áÀÌ ¼±·Ê·Î ³²À» °ÍÀ̶ó´Â Âø°¢Àº ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. Æǻ簡 Ç¥ÇöÀÇ ÀÚÀ¯¿¡ Á¶±Ý ¼ûÅëÀ» ÅÍÁÖ¾úÁö¸¸, ¹Ú±ÙÇý Á¤ºÎ°¡ °¡Åä ¾¾¸¦ ó¹úÇϱâ À§ÇØ ÀÌ¿ëÇÑ ¹ý¾ÈÀº ¿©ÀüÈ÷ º¯ÇÔÀÌ ¾ø´Ù. ÀÌ ÆÇ°áÀº ÇØ¿Ü ¾ð·ÐÀÎ»Ó ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ±¹³» ¾ð·ÐÀε鿡 ´ëÇÑ º¸È£¸¦ °­È­Çϱâ À§ÇÑ ÇÑ ¹ß¦À» ³»µðµ±À» »ÓÀÌ´Ù.

Mr. Kirk has worked as a journalist across Asia since 1965.
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